Sleep aid tips about bed wetting for information and remedies for your better sleep which may also cure any mild sleep disorder you may want sleep disorder remedies for.
Bed-Wetting sleep disorder background information
Enuresis is what doctors call bedwetting.
This can be quite embarrassing for older children, who are often fearful of having sleepovers at a friend's house, knowing they could have an "accident".
Devices that set off an alarm to awaken the child when he urinates in bed can be quite effective for some.
Different drugs have been used to treat this but I generally do not recommend them.
Most medicines stop working after a period of time or the problem recurs as soon as the medicine is discontinued.
Most children grow out of this problem eventually and parents need to be patient and supportive.
Bed-wetting (or nocturnal enuresis) is an inability to control the flow of urine during the night.
It is fairly common for kids to wet the bed, one or more times per night.
At age 5, about 15 percent of children have enuresis.
By the age of 15, one to two percent of adolescents still have it.
If left untreated, some will wet the bed for life.
Research revealed that enuresis is often inherited.
There is a 77 percent chance that a child might inherit it if both parents used to have a bed wetting problem themselves.
It is more prevalent with boys.
Contrary to belief, bed wetting is not a mental or behavior problem.
Neither does it come from emotional stress, poor self-esteem or emotional maturity.
It is a common developmental phenomenon related to physical and physiologic factors.
There are two types of nocturnal enuresis: primary and secondary. Primary nocturnal enuresis is when a child has not yet developed complete night-time bladder control.
Secondary nocturnal enuresis is when a child accidentally wets the bed after having had bladder control for six or more months.
-Some factors linked to bed-wetting include:
Bladder size - may be too little to hold the normal amount of urine.
Infection - abnormalities due to diabetes or chronic urinary tract infection.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – hormone which suppresses the rate of urine production. Some bed-wetters make less ADH or have kidneys less responsive to ADH.
Delayed growth and development – nervous system is not mature enough to have the ability to stop the bladder from emptying at night.
Imbalance of the bladder muscle – the muscle that contracts to squeeze the urine out is stronger than the sphincter muscles that holds the urine in.
Diet – foods containing high levels of artificial color and sweetener such as dairy products, citrus fruits, caffeinated cola drinks and chocolate have been associated with bed-wetting.
Constipation or encopresis (uncontrolled passing of stools)
Difficulties waking up from sleep
Not much can be done to prevent children from bed wetting. Most children outgrow it without treatment.
It is important to stress to the child that bed-wetting is natural and should not be viewed as humiliating or shameful.
UNDERSTANDING CHILDREN’S SLEEP HABITS AND
RECOGNIZING THEIR SLEEP PROBLEMS
Every living creature needs to sleep. It is the primary activity of the brain during early development.
Circadian rhythms, or the sleep-wake cycle, are regulated by light and dark and these rhythms take time to develop, resulting in the irregular sleep schedules of newborns.
The rhythms begin to develop at about six weeks, and by three to six months most infants have a regular sleep-wake cycle.
By the age of two, most children have spent more time asleep than awake and overall, a child will spend 40 percent of their childhood asleep.
Sleep is especially important for children as it directly impacts mental and physical development.
There are two alternating types or states of sleep:
Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) or “quiet” sleep. During the deep states of NREM sleep, blood supply to the muscles is increased, energy is restored, tissue growth and repair occur, and important hormones are released for growth and development.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) or “active” sleep. During REM sleep, our brains are active and dreaming occurs. Our bodies become immobile, breathing and heart rates are irregular.
Babies spend 50 percent of their time in each of these states and the sleep cycle is about 50 minutes. At about six months of age, REM sleep comprises about 30 percent of sleep. By the time children reach preschool age, the sleep cycle is about every 90 minutes.
Sleep and Newborns (1-2 months)
For newborns, sleep during the early months occurs around the clock and the sleep-wake cycle interacts with the need to be fed, changed and nurtured.
Newborns sleep a total of 10.5 to 18 hours a day on an irregular schedule with periods of one to three hours spent awake.
The sleep period may last a few minutes to several hours. During sleep, they are often active, twitching their arms and legs, smiling, sucking and generally appearing restless.
Newborns express their need to sleep in different ways. Some fuss, cry, rub their eyes or indicate this need with individual gestures.
It is best to put babies to bed when they are sleepy, but not asleep.
They are more likely to fall asleep quickly and eventually learn how to get themselves to sleep.
Newborns can be encouraged to sleep less during the day by exposing them to light and noise, and by playing more with them in the daytime.
As evening approaches, the environment can be quieter and dimmer with less activity.
Sleep Tips for Newborns
• Observe baby’s sleep patterns and identify signs of sleepiness.
• Put baby in the crib when drowsy, not asleep.
• Place baby to sleep on his/her back with face and head clear of blankets and
other soft items.
• Encourage nighttime sleep.
Sleep and Infants (3-11 months)
By six months of age, nighttime feedings are usually not necessary and many infants sleep through the night; 70-80 percent will do so by nine months of age. Infants typically sleep 9-12 hours during the night and take 30 minute to two-hour naps, one to four times a day – fewer as they reach age one.
When infants are put to bed drowsy but not asleep, they are more likely to become “self- soothers” which enables them to fall asleep independently at bedtime and put themselves back to sleep during the night. Those who have become accustomed to parental assistance at bedtime often become “signalers” and cry for their parents to help them return to sleep during the night.
Social and developmental issues can also affect sleep. Secure infants who are attached to their caregiver may have less sleep problems, but some may also be reluctant to give up this engagement for sleep. During the second half of the year, infants may also experience separation anxiety. Illness and increased motor development may also disrupt sleep.
Sleep Tips for Infants:
• Develop regular daytime and bedtime schedules.
• Create a consistent and enjoyable bedtime routine.
• Establish a regular “sleep friendly” environment.
• Encourage baby to fall asleep independently and to become a “self-soother.”
Sleep and Toddlers (1-3 years)
Toddlers need about 12-14 hours of sleep in a 24-hour period. When they reach about 18 months of age their naptimes will decrease to once a day lasting about one to three hours. Naps should not occur too close to bedtime as they may delay sleep at night.
Many toddlers experience sleep problems including resisting going to bed and nighttime awakenings. Nighttime fears and nightmares are also common.
Many factors can lead to sleep problems. Toddlers’ drive for independence and an increase in their motor, cognitive and social abilities can interfere with sleep. In addition, their ability to get out of bed, separation anxiety, the need for autonomy and the development of the child’s imagination can lead to sleep problems. Daytime sleepiness and behavior problems may signal poor sleep or a sleep problem.
Sleep Tips For Toddlers:
• Maintain a daily sleep schedule and consistent bedtime routine.
• Make the bedroom environment the same every night and throughout the night.
• Set limits that are consistent, communicated and enforced.
• Encourage use of a security object such as a blanket or stuffed animal.
Sleep and Preschoolers (3-5 years)
Preschoolers typically sleep 11-13 hours each night and most do not nap after five years of age. As with toddlers, difficulty falling asleep and waking up during the night are common. With further development of imagination, preschoolers commonly experience nighttime fears and nightmares. In addition, sleepwalking and sleep terrors peak during preschool years.
Sleep Tips for Preschoolers:
• Maintain a regular and consistent sleep schedule.
• Have a relaxing bedtime routine that ends in the room where the child sleeps.
• Child should sleep in the same sleeping environment every night, in a room that is cool, quiet and dark – and without a TV.
Sleep and School-aged Children (5-12 years)
Children aged five to 12 need 10-11 hours of sleep. At the same time, there is an increasing demand on their time from school (e.g., homework), sports and other extracurricular and social activities. In addition, school aged children become more interested in TV, computers, the media and Internet as well as caffeine products – all of which can lead to difficulty falling asleep, nightmares and disruptions to their sleep. In particular, watching TV close to bedtime has been associated with bedtime resistance, difficulty falling asleep, anxiety around sleep and sleeping fewer hours.
Sleep problems and disorders are prevalent at this age. Poor or inadequate sleep can lead to mood swings, behavioral problems such as hyperactivity and cognitive problems that impact on their ability to learn in school.
Sleep Tips for School-aged Children
• Teach school-aged children about healthy sleep habits.
• Continue to emphasize need for regular and consistent sleep schedule and bedtime routine.
• Make child’s bedroom conducive to sleep – dark, cool and quiet. Keep TV and computers out of the bedroom.
• Avoid caffeine.
CHILDREN’S SLEEP PROBLEMS: What They Are and How to Deal With Them
About 69 percent of children 10 and under experience some type of sleep problem, according to the National Sleep Foundation’s (NSF) 2004 Sleep in America poll. Some of the most common are outlined below:
Insomnia is a sleep problem that occurs when a child complains of difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, and/or early morning awakenings. Insomnia can be short-term due to stress, pain, or a medical or psychiatric condition. It can become long-term if the underlying cause is not addressed or healthy sleep practices are not employed. Treating underlying conditions, developing good sleep practices and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule can improve the ability to fall asleep and stay asleep.
Nightmares are frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep and awaken a child. They usually occur in the later part of the night. Most children have at least one nightmare during childhood; three percent of preschool and school aged children experience frequent nightmares, according to NSF’s 2004 Sleep in America poll. They can be upsetting and a child will need reassurance when they occur. Nightmares can result from a scary event, stress, a difficult time or change in a child’s routine. Use of a nightlight or security object is often helpful.
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder that includes uncomfortable and unpleasant feelings (e.g. crawly tingly or itchy) in the legs causing an overwhelming urge to move. These feelings make it difficult to fall asleep. RLS can be treated with changes in bedtime routines, increased iron, and possibly medications.
Sleeptalking occurs when the child talks, laughs or cries out in his/her sleep. As with
sleep terrors, the child is unaware and has no memory of the incident the next day. There is usually no need to treat sleeptalking.
Sleepwalking is experienced by as many as 40 percent of children, usually between ages three and seven. Sleepwalking usually occur an hour or two after sleep onset and may last five to 20 minutes. As sleep deprivation often contributes to sleepwalking, moving bedtime earlier can be helpful.
Sleep terrors occur early in the night. A child may scream out and be distressed, although s/he is not awake or aware during a sleep terror. Sleep terrors may be caused by not getting enough sleep, an irregular sleep schedule, stress, or sleeping in a new environment. Increasing sleep time will help reduce the likelihood of a sleep terror.
Snoring occurs when there is a partial blockage in the airway that causes a noise due to the vibration of the back of the throat. About l0-12 percent of normal children habitually snore. Snoring can be caused by nasal congestion or enlarged adenoids or tonsils that block the airway. Some children who snore may have sleep apnea.
Sleep apnea – when snoring is loud and the child is having difficulty breathing, it may be a sign of a more serious disorder, obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep caused by blocked airway passages, resulting in repeated arousals from sleep. Sleep apnea has been associated with daytime sleepiness, academic problems, and hyperactivity. Treatment for sleep apnea is available.
Pointers for parents: Talk to your child’s doctor if any of the following symptoms are observed:
• A newborn or infant is extremely and consistently fussy.
• A child is having problems breathing or breathing is noisy.
• A child snores, especially if snoring is loud.
• Unusual nighttime awakenings.
• Difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep, especially if you see daytime sleepiness and/or behavioral problems.
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SLEEP, YOUR BABY AND YOU:
Here are some guidelines on what to expect, from the time you bring your tightly swaddled bundle home to your baby’s third birthday.
Remember, as you look at these and the following pages:
Every child is different. Your baby’s sleep habits will be different from your friend’s baby, or from an older sibling at the same age.
Build your routines and rhythms around your baby’s sleep needs and patterns. Once you’re familiar with your own baby’s sleep patterns, you can begin establishing regular routines to help your baby—and the whole family—get to sleep and sleep well.
0-2 Months
A newborn’s sleep cycle is disorganized. In the first few weeks, you can expect your baby’s sleep to be distributed throughout the 24 hours, with each sleep period lasting anywhere from 30 minutes to 3 hours, and with frequent waking periods through the night. In about six weeks a more regular, defined sleep pattern should begin to emerge.
While sleeping, your baby may be very
busy twitching, jerking, sucking, snuffling—even smiling. This is normal. Even with all this activity, your baby is actually getting a perfectly sound sleep.
2-12 Months
Gradually, over the first few months, your baby will begin to develop a more predictable pattern. Between 2 and 4 months, you will notice a regular rhythm of sleepiness and alertness throughout the day.
Between 3 and 6 months most babies begin to sleep for longer stretches at night. In the first year, babies naturally cut down their daily naps from 3 or 4 a day to 1 or 2 a day. Note that developmental milestones, such as rolling over and pulling up to stand, can temporarily upset sleep
1-3 Years
Your toddler may be finished with morning naptime by around 18 months, and naps will disappear altogether between 2 1/2 and 5 years.
At the same time, most toddlers will have learned to sleep through the night, although stressful events and other interruptions (an illness, a trip) can temporarily upset this welcome pattern. Switching to a bed is another change that can be disruptive for a toddler, especially if it happens too early. Most toddlers switch to a bed between 2 and 4 years.
If you regularly have to wake your child in the morning, it could be a sign that he or she isn’t getting enough sleep. The number of hours a toddler sleeps will be different for each child. However, most toddlers are consistent in how much they sleep from one day to the next.
Build a consistent bedtime routine
you and your baby enjoy
For an infant, this could include:
Taking a bath
Getting a massage
Changing into pajamas
Hearing a story
Sharing a song
Or whatever works best for you and your infant
GO WITH THE FLOW
The first few weeks of your baby’s life are all about adjustment—for your baby and for you. It’s simply too soon to expect structured sleep patterns, so it makes sense to take your cues from your baby. Do what works for your baby now, and before long you’ll have the beginnings of a sleep routine.
Learn your baby’s signs of being sleepy. Many babies become fussy or cry when they get tired, but others will rub their eyes, pull on their ears, or even stare off into space. Put your baby down for bedtime or a nap when your baby first lets you know he or she is tired.
Follow your baby’s cues. Your newborn may prefer to be rocked or fed to sleep. This is fine for the first few weeks or months. By three months, however, begin to establish good sleep habits.
Always put your baby down to sleep on his or her back. A baby should sleep on a firm mattress, with no fluffy or loose bedding.
After the first few weeks, start to actively encourage nighttime sleep if your baby is awake a lot at night and sleeps much of the day. Do this by making sure the bedroom is dark or dim and cutting down on nighttime play
Have realistic goals about sleep. Your baby will not be able to sleep for long stretches at a time for the first few months.
Make sleep a family priority. It’s usual to be sleep-deprived with a newborn. But no one benefits if you’re crying from exhaustion while the baby’s crying to be calmed. Tell your spouse (or a friend who’s offered) when you need a break. And, tempting as it is to use naptimes to get things done, you’ll be able to cope better if you nap when your baby does.
Take the first steps toward a bedtime routine.
The important thing is that it’s built around things that both you and your baby enjoy.
Your newborn’s bedtime routine could include:
Taking a bath
Getting a massage
Changing into pajamas
Rocking and cuddling
Sharing a song
Or whatever works best for you and your baby
FIND A BEDTIME ROUTINE
THAT WORKS
From 6 weeks to 3 months, start creating a familiar sequence of calming events that unfolds night after night and clearly says, “It’s time to settle down and go to sleep.” Now that your baby’s sleep patterns are becoming more organized, it’s time for a bedtime routine that will fit in with your family’s needs as well as your baby’s needs. Keep the sequence of events basically consistent even with caregivers or when away from home. It can also be helpful to have parents take turns putting their baby to bed.
Learn your baby’s signs of being sleepy. Many babies become fussy or cry when they get tired, but others will rub their eyes, pull on their ears, or even stare off into space. Put your baby down for bedtime or a nap when your baby first lets you know he or she is tired.
Start developing a bedtime routine. Make sure your routine is not too long or too impractical to stick to. Rock your baby to sleep at 6 months, and you may end up doing the same when the baby wakes in the night—as all babies do for short periods—or even when your little one turns two.
Set a regular sleep schedule for your baby. Settle on regular naptimes and a bedtime that allow your baby to get all the sleep he or she needs. Contrary to what you may think, cutting down on naps won’t help at night. It can be a recipe for overtiredness and a worse night’s sleep. But you’ll also want to avoid naps too close to bedtime.
Give your baby soothing surroundings. Keep the bedroom dark, cool and quiet. And make sure lights and environment, are the same at bedtime as they will be throughout the night.
Wind down your routine where you want your baby to sleep. The last part of the routine should happen in the room where your baby sleeps.
Put your baby to bed drowsy but awake. This may teach your baby to soothe himself or herself to sleep, as well as to go back to sleep in the night on his or her own, with little if any intervention from you.
Make sleep a family priority. Remember, you need sleep, too. If friends and family have offered help, take them up on the offer. Resist as much as you can treating your baby’s naptime as your chore time. Take a nap when your baby does.
Avoid making bedtime feedings a permanent fixture. They rarely help either how long or how well your baby sleeps. And after 6 months nighttime feedings are rarely necessary. Move a bottle or nursing time earlier in the evening, to avoid the association between eating and sleeping.
TODDLERS:
Build a regular bedtime routine everyone enjoys.
For a toddler, this could include:
Taking a bath
Changing into pajamas
Reading books together
Sharing a song
Or whatever works best for you and your toddler
SLEEP BY NIGHT, FEWER NAPS BY DAY
Your toddler’s sleep patterns will continue to change. Toddlers can generally sleep through the night, although change and stressful events (a trip or illness, for example) can cause temporary setbacks.
All children wake briefly at regular intervals throughout the night. A toddler who’s learned to fall asleep on his or her own will be able to return to sleep in the middle of the night without help from you—although normal bedtime fears and nightmares may need your reassurance.
Set a regular sleep schedule. Establish regular naptimes and a bedtime that allow your toddler to get all the sleep he or she needs. Restricting naps won’t help a toddler sleep better at night. Quite the opposite—it can lead to overtiredness and more sleep problems. But avoid naps late in the afternoon. Many babies become fussy or cry when they get tired, but others will rub their eyes, pull on their ears, or even stare off into space. Put your baby down for bedtime or a nap when your baby first lets you know he or she is tired.
Wind down your routine where your child sleeps. Make sure the last few soothing minutes of the bedtime routine happen right in your toddler’s room.
Give your toddler soothing surroundings. Keep the bedroom dark, cool and quiet. A night-light is fine. A television isn’t. And make sure the environment is the same at bedtime—lighting, for example—as it will be throughout the night.
Put your child to bed drowsy but awake. This may teach your toddler to fall asleep, as well as to go back to sleep in the night on his or her own, with little if any help from you. Whatever routine you have established at bedtime will need to occur again if your child wakes in the middle of the night. So create a routine that helps your child fall asleep on his or her own.
Set limits. If your child stalls at bedtime, set clear limits, such as how many books you will read or how many drinks of water you will allow.
Make sleep a family priority. Remember, looking after a toddler takes plenty of energy. You need your sleep, too.
Problems with sleep behaviors are commonly seen in children. Sleep is of primary importance at all stages of human development, and in the newborn, is the primary activity other than eating.
Childhood sleep disturbances affect not only the child but also the whole family. There is an abundance of different beliefs and lore on this topic. Sifting through the enormous amount of material, approaches, and opinions about kids' sleep can be daunting for parents.
There is not one correct way to deal with your child in regard to sleep. Each child is unique and has his own special set of circumstances and needs. What's important is for parents to identify what they feel comfortable with and what they feel is best for their child.
I will delineate here some general principles and guidelines that I have found to be helpful for parents in making choices about how to handle their child's sleep. I will also discuss some of the most common childhood sleep disturbances and some of their treatments.
Development of Sleep
When addressing difficulties that your child may be having with sleep, it is important to be aware of the general developmental progression of sleep behavior in kids. Newborns alternate between sleep and wakefulness every 3-4 hours, awakening often associated with hunger.
As the child grows this develops into what is called a "diurnal" pattern. This means there are progressively longer periods of wakefulness during the daytime as well as longer periods of sustained sleep at nighttime. By about 12 weeks, an infant may sleep at night for periods up to 8 hours.
At 3-4 months, more than 70% of infants are sleeping for sustained periods of time at night. This is sometimes referred to as "settling in" and it occurs as the infant's brain matures. If we look at EEG patterns (an EEG is an instrument that measures brain waves) we can see the patterns becoming increasingly organized into distinctive stages differentiating sleep from wakefulness.
An infant probably spends 16 hours of a 24-hour period asleep. This decreases to 12 hours in the second year of life, 10 hours by age 3, and to 9 hours from ages 8-12. Remember that this varies according to the child. With some children, this kicks in quite early and with others it happens much later on. This is simply a variation in normal development.
While the development of the brain plays a very important role in the establishment of the sleep-wake cycle, learning and conditioning are equally important. This is good news for parents because it means they can also play a role in enhancing and facilitating the development of their child's sleep behavior.
Just as parents pay attention to their children's general hygiene, they can also address their sleep hygiene.
This can help to establish life-long patterns of good sleep. It's much easier to prevent a sleep problem than to treat one.
The important keyword in sleep hygiene is consistency. Bedtime should occur at the same time each night.
This can be made a pleasurable event.
A regular habit of storytelling, reading a book, or talking about the day's events are often nightly rituals that parents implement.
This can be a meaningful period of engagement for both the parent and the child.
Typical bedtime sequences take around 30 minutes. Often children engage in what has been referred to as "curtain call" behaviors.
These are behaviors by the child that delay separation from the parents before bedtime. Kids will often get up and say they need to go to the bathroom, or that they need to get a glass of water.
Sometimes these behaviors become problematic. I recommend children be asked to do these things for themselves. This avoids reinforcing these behaviors by granting more contact with the parents.
Different sleep difficulties tend to cluster around different ages. Before the age of three it is common for infants to have problems going to sleep and nighttime awakening.
Nightmares, fear of the dark, and night terrors usually begin to occur between ages 3-6, and sleepwalking usually has its onset after age 6.
Sleep problems appearing later and in adolescence are more frequently associated with underlying psychiatric disorders, drug abuse, or medical conditions like narcolepsy.
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At what stage should kids sleep in their own beds?
There are different philosophies about children sleeping in the same bed as their parents. Western culture expects children to sleep alone from a very early age.
In non-Western cultures, families tend to sleep together for a much longer period of time. Parents generally have to decide what works for them and their lifestyle. This issue can sometimes be a source of conflict between parents.
I recently consulted with a set of new parents who disagreed about whether their 4-month-old son should be sleeping in their bed. Mom found this convenient for breast-feeding, enjoyed having her son sleep with her, and felt that this was an important bonding experience for them.
Dad complained of feeling tired at work the next day and felt frustrated about the lack of sex with his wife. I advise parents that the older a baby is when he is sleeping with his parents, the more difficulty they are likely to experience when making the transition from their bed to the child's own bed.
Kids generally love to sleep with their parents. Once used to this they can be quite resistant to changing. It's important for parents to be aware of the impact that this has on their own time for both sexual and emotional intimacy.
Night Wakings
Infants sleeping alone often wake at night and fall back asleep without the parents being aware of the arousal. Some infants, as most parents know, cry upon awakening and this can become a regular and frequent habit.
The concerned parent may rush in to see that the child is okay and to provide comfort. If a healthy baby continuously awakens this can be a source of distress for the parents. One popular intervention is "Ferberizing."
This is a method popularized by Dr. Richard Ferber. Basically it involves letting the child continue to cry for increasingly longer periods of time without intervening.
The goal is to foster the child's ability to "self-sooth" or put themselves back to sleep. This is effective after a few days for many children.
However, some parents don't feel comfortable with what they perceive as a "cold turkey" approach. Parents need to do what they feel comfortable with and often do well with modified approaches.
I advise parents to try and not respond instantaneously to the child's awakening and crying. An instant response is likely to be gratifying to the child and increase the likelihood that this behavior will recur.
Frequently a baby will cry for 20-30 minutes and then fall back asleep. A timer is often useful to keep track of how long your child has been crying (20 minutes at 2 am can seem like 2 hours).
Children often respond rather quickly to methods like "Ferberizing." However, transitions, changes in environment, travel, and illnesses can causes these difficulties to recur.
Mommy There's a Monster in My Closet!
Around ages 3-5 children commonly experience fears around going to bed and the dark. This is a period of a child's development in which the boundary between fantasy and reality is commonly blurred.
Our culture is replete with stories of nighttime visitors like the toothfairy and Santa Claus as well as stories of monsters and the bogeyman. Children's imaginations are quite vivid and bedtime can be a particularly scary time for some youngsters.
A night-light can help some of those monsters go away. Nightmares also begin to occur at this time. Sometimes these awaken the child in the middle of the night.
Listening to your child's fears and concerns, while reassuring him, is the best response.
I recommend trying to avoid bringing your child into your bed for comfort. Your child will certainly welcome it, but this can quickly become a favorite habit.
Night Terrors versus Nightmares
Night terrors start to occur in the 3-5 age range, as well. Night terrors are distinct from nightmares. With night terrors, children will begin to scream and cry in the middle of the night but still be asleep.
These episodes are self-limited and it is best to hold the child, not attempt to awaken them, but comfort them until they have settled down again. Night terrors tend to run in families and usually resolve spontaneously.
At times the problem will be frequent and severe enough that medication is used.
Bed-Wetting
Enuresis is what doctors call bedwetting. This can be quite embarrassing for older children, who are often fearful of having sleepovers at a friend's house, knowing they could have an "accident".
Devices that set off an alarm to awaken the child when he urinates in bed can be quite effective for some. Different drugs have been used to treat this but I generally do not recommend them.
Most medicines stop working after a period of time or the problem recurs as soon as the medicine is discontinued.
Most children grow out of this problem eventually and parents need to be patient and supportive.
Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking, like night terrors, tends to run in families. This problem emerges more frequently sometime after age 6.
A child can get up and walk around while still in a sleep state.
At times, the child can open doors and go outside. When the problem is this severe and can possibly endanger the child, medication is used.
Generally the child should be led back to bed without attempting to awaken him.
Sleepwalking tends to spontaneously resolve.
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Summary
Sleep is a complex and vital behavior for children. The development of regular sleep-wake cycles is vital for their healthy development. Each child is unique and varies according to his own unique needs and environment.
Both brain function and external factors influence sleep-wake cycles. Parents play an important role in facilitating the development of their child's sleep behavior. Sleep disturbances can be caused by a number of factors.
It is important to consult your pediatrician to rule out medical causes for sleep problems. Parents have many tools at their disposal to enhance their child's sleep.
The adage "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" holds particularly true for sleep behavior in children. Good sleep hygiene is the best way to facilitate appropriate sleep behavior for kids.